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An introduction to Web Accessability
By Arne Hassel
What is Web Accessability?
Universell utforming er utforming av produkter og omgivelser på en slik måte at de kan brukes av alle mennesker, i så stor utstrekning som mulig, uten behov for tilpasning og en spesiell utforming.
Miljøverndepartementet (2007)
Med universell utforming menes utforming eller tilrettelegging av hovedløsningen i de fysiske forholdene, inkludert informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi (IKT), slik at virksomhetens alminnelige funksjon kan benyttes av flest mulig.
Diskrimerings- og tilgjengelighetsloven (2013)
What is Web Accessability? (cont.)
«Universal design» means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. “Universal design” shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006)
Universell utforming innen IKT betyr at produkter og tjenester skal utvikles slik at alle mennesker i en gitt målgruppe skal kunne bruke teknologien på en hensiktsmessig måte.
Morten Tellefsen, Web og universell utforming (2006)
Seven principles
- Equitable use
- Flexibility in use
- Simple and intuitive use
- Perceptible information
- Tolerance for error
- Low physical effort
- Size and space for approach and use
Source: The principles of universal design
Equitable use
The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.
Flexibility in use
The design accomodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.
Simple and intuitive use
Use of design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills or current concentration level.
Tolerance for error
The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.
Low physical effort
The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and without a minimum of fatigue.
Size and space for approach and use
Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.
Our rule:
"Most for most"
("Mest mulig for flest mulig")
Who is our target group?
- Blind/Visually impaired
- Deaf
- Impaired cognitive function
- Difficulties w/reading and writing/Dyslexia
- Disabled
Blind/Visually impaired
Deaf
- Need transcriptions of video and audio
Impaired cognitive function
- May have a harder time understanding complexity
- Keep it simple
Difficulties w/reading and writing/Dyslexia
- May use screen readers to compliment reading texts
- Important that text are logically grouped
- May require extra help when writing texts (such as spellcheck and dictionary)
Disabled
- Everything should be accessable by keyboard
- Elements should not be too small, and must be easily differentiated from each other
- Do not require complex combination of input
General rules
- Keep it simple
- Limit number of links
- Maintain good structure
- Be consistent
- Group text/content that are connected
- Allow everything to be accessable by keyboard
Requirements
Forskrift om universell utforming av IKT-løsninger stiller krav om at nettsider må oppfylle 35 av i alt de 61 suksesskriteriene i WCAG 2.0. Dette vil si alle kriterier på nivå A og AA, unntatt suksesskriteriene 1.2.3 Synstolking eller mediealternativ (forhåndsinnspilt innhold), 1.2.4. Teksting (direkte) og 1.2.5. Synstolking (forhåndsinnspilt)
Krav til nettløsninger (uu.difi.no)
Structure of success criteria
- Principle
- Guideline
- Success criteria (A, AA, or AAA)
A
The minimum level of conformance.
Examples
- 2.1.1 Keyboard: All functionality of the content is operable through a keyboard interface without requiring specific timings for individual keystrokes, except where the underlying function requires input that depends on the path of the user's movement and not just the endpoints.
- 2.1.2 No Keyboard Trap: If keyboard focus can be moved to a component of the page using a keyboard interface, then focus can be moved away from that component using only a keyboard interface, and, if it requires more than unmodified arrow or tab keys or other standard exit methods, the user is advised of the method for moving focus away.
AA
The required level of conformance.
Examples
- 2.4.5 Multiple Ways: More than one way is available to locate a Web page within a set of Web pages except where the Web Page is the result of, or a step in, a process.
- 2.4.6 Headings and Labels: Headings and labels describe topic or purpose.
- 2.4.7 Focus Visible: Any keyboard operable user interface has a mode of operation where the keyboard focus indicator is visible.
AAA
The maximum level of conformace.
Examples
- 3.1.3 Unusual Words: A mechanism is available for identifying specific definitions of words or phrases used in an unusual or restricted way, including idioms and jargon.
- 3.1.4 Abbreviations: A mechanism for identifying the expanded form or meaning of abbreviations is available.
How do we test all this?
- + Easy to use
- + Good feedback
- + Mostly easy fixes
- - Requires page to be tested to be accessible on the internet
Plugin for Firefox, easing use of the tool.
- + Easy to use
- + Good feedback
- + Mostly easy fixes
- + Markup validator
- + Color contrast analyzer
- + A lot of minor tools
- - Seems abandoned (last update was in 2012)
- - Requires Internet Explorer...
- - Somewhat buggy
- + Easy overview of how a screenreader interprets a given webpage
- - No voice reading text
- + Somewhat easy to set up
- - Very strange in the beginning
- - Very unnatural voices
VoiceOver (iOs) & TalkBack (Android)
- - A bit difficult to set up
